{"id":18940,"date":"2025-06-03T13:05:41","date_gmt":"2025-06-03T12:05:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lindstromgroup.com\/sk\/?p=18940"},"modified":"2025-06-03T13:15:56","modified_gmt":"2025-06-03T12:15:56","slug":"najspinavsie-pracovne-pozicie-na-slovensku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lindstromgroup.com\/sk\/article\/najspinavsie-pracovne-pozicie-na-slovensku\/","title":{"rendered":"„Naj\u0161pinav\u0161ie“ pracovn\u00e9 poz\u00edcie na Slovensku"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pribli\u017ene 116-tis\u00edc Slov\u00e1kov pracuje v rizikov\u00fdch podmienkach<\/strong>, kde im hrozia choroby z povolania, otravy \u010di \u00farazy. Najviac zamestnancov ohrozuj\u00fa nadmern\u00fd hluk, vysok\u00e1 pra\u0161nos\u0165 a chemick\u00e9 faktory<\/strong>. Mnoh\u00e9 povolania pritom vy\u017eaduj\u00fa denn\u00fd kontakt so \u0161pinou, patog\u00e9nmi, prachom, chemik\u00e1liami \u010di odpadom. V\u00a0t\u00fdchto \u201enaj\u0161pinav\u0161\u00edch\u201c profesi\u00e1ch<\/strong> je hygiena mimoriadne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 \u2013 nielen pre pohodlie, ale najm\u00e4 pre zdravie pracovn\u00edkov. Pod\u013ea \u0161tatist\u00edk patria k\u00a0profesi\u00e1m s\u00a0najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdskytom chor\u00f4b z\u00a0povolania ban\u00edci, stavebn\u00ed robotn\u00edci, stroj\u00e1rski pracovn\u00edci<\/strong> a pracovn\u00edci v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve a lesn\u00edctve<\/strong>. V nasleduj\u00facich kapitol\u00e1ch sa pozrieme na vybran\u00e9 \u201enaj\u0161pinav\u0161ie\u201c povolania na Slovensku, zhodnot\u00edme hygienick\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy a zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1, a nazna\u010d\u00edme, ako m\u00f4\u017eu modern\u00e9 slu\u017eby \u2013 napr\u00edklad pren\u00e1jom a profesion\u00e1lna \u00fadr\u017eba pracovn\u00fdch odevov<\/a> od spolo\u010dnosti Lindstr\u00f6m \u2013 prispie\u0165 k zlep\u0161eniu hygieny, bezpe\u010dnosti a komfortu v t\u00fdchto profesi\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pracovn\u00edci odvozu a spracovania odpadu (smetiari)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vystavenie patog\u00e9nom a chemik\u00e1li\u00e1m:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Smetiari prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa do kontaktu s komun\u00e1lnym odpadom, ktor\u00fd \u010dasto obsahuje zvy\u0161ky potrav\u00edn, biologick\u00fd materi\u00e1l a r\u00f4zne nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 predmety. V odpadkoch sa m\u00f4\u017eu nach\u00e1dza\u0165 v\u00edrusy, bakt\u00e9rie, plesne aj parazity<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa p\u00f4vodcami infek\u010dn\u00fdch chor\u00f4b. Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00fa najm\u00e4 ostr\u00e9 predmety<\/strong> (napr. injek\u010dn\u00e9 ihly, \u010drepy), ktor\u00e9 pri poranen\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu vnies\u0165 choroboplodn\u00e9 z\u00e1rodky priamo do tela<\/em> pracovn\u00edka. Okrem patog\u00e9nov b\u00fdvaj\u00fa v odpade aj chemik\u00e1lie \u2013 napr\u00edklad zvy\u0161ky \u010distiacich prostriedkov \u010di rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adiel \u2013 a smetiari tak \u010delia riziku kontaktu s toxick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cistota pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prostredie, v ktorom smetiari pracuj\u00fa, patr\u00ed k najne\u010distej\u0161\u00edm. Pracoviskom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ulica pri smetiakoch, interi\u00e9r smetiarskeho vozidla alebo triediaca hala \u2013 v\u0161etky tieto miesta s\u00fa pln\u00e9 odpadu, prachu a \u010dasto nepr\u00edjemn\u00e9ho z\u00e1pachu. Povaluj\u00face sa smeti l\u00e1kaj\u00fa hlodavce a hmyz<\/strong>, \u010do e\u0161te zvy\u0161uje mikrobi\u00e1lne zne\u010distenie prostredia a riziko \u0161\u00edrenia n\u00e1kazy. Organick\u00fd odpad hnije<\/strong>, vytv\u00e1ra toxick\u00e9 v\u00fdpary a \u017eivn\u00fa p\u00f4du pre bakt\u00e9rie. Pracovn\u00edci musia neraz manu\u00e1lne manipulova\u0165 s odpadom<\/a>, kontajnery b\u00fdvaj\u00fa zne\u010disten\u00e9 od \u00fakapov a plesn\u00ed, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u010distota prostredia je prakticky nulov\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1ca v odpadovom hospod\u00e1rstve prin\u00e1\u0161a ka\u017edodenn\u00fd kontakt s mno\u017estvom \u0161piny a nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Na obr\u00e1zku pracovn\u00edk na skl\u00e1dke odpadu obklopen\u00fd komun\u00e1lnym odpadom.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku n\u00edzkej hygieny: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nedostato\u010dn\u00e1 hygiena v odpadovom hospod\u00e1rstve m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k r\u00f4znym infek\u010dn\u00fdm ochoreniam<\/strong>. Smetiari s\u00fa ohrozen\u00ed napr\u00edklad hepatit\u00eddou (\u017elta\u010dkou)<\/em> pri poranen\u00ed kontaminovanou ihlou, \u010falej ko\u017en\u00fdmi infekciami<\/strong> \u010di z\u00e1palmi o\u010d\u00ed a d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest z kontaktu s prachom a ples\u0148ami. Pri dlhodobom zanedban\u00ed ochrany m\u00f4\u017eu vznikn\u00fa\u0165 aj parazit\u00e1rne choroby<\/strong> (napr. toxoplazm\u00f3za z ma\u010dac\u00edch v\u00fdkalov v odpade). V obdob\u00ed pand\u00e9mie COVID-19 sa poukazovalo aj na riziko, \u017ee v\u00edrus m\u00f4\u017ee pre\u017e\u00edva\u0165 na povrchu odpadkov a ohrozi\u0165 pracovn\u00edkov, hoci pri dodr\u017ean\u00ed hygieny je toto riziko zvl\u00e1dnute\u013en\u00e9. Okrem infekci\u00ed hrozia smetiarom \u010dast\u00e9 \u00farazy<\/a> \u2013 porezanie, pichnutie, p\u00e1dy z vozidla \u2013 ktor\u00e9 sa v \u0161pinavom prostred\u00ed \u013eah\u0161ie infikuj\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1roky na \u010distenie a hygienu: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pri tejto profesii je nutn\u00e1 pr\u00edsna osobn\u00e1 hygiena a pravideln\u00e9 \u010distenie pracovn\u00fdch pom\u00f4cok. Odpor\u00fa\u010da sa, aby smetiari pou\u017e\u00edvali ochrann\u00e9 rukavice, pevn\u00e9 top\u00e1nky a pracovn\u00e9 odevy<\/strong> s dlh\u00fdmi ruk\u00e1vmi, ktor\u00e9 zamedzia kontaktu poko\u017eky s ne\u010distotami. Ide\u00e1lne je, ak maj\u00fa aj respir\u00e1tor alebo aspo\u0148 masku na ochranu pred prachom a aeros\u00f3lmi z odpadkov. Po ka\u017edej zmene by mali pracovn\u00edci d\u00f4kladne dezinfikova\u0165 ruky a odkryt\u00e9 \u010dasti ko\u017ee<\/strong>, pr\u00edpadne sa osprchova\u0165. Pracovn\u00e9 oble\u010denie mus\u00ed by\u0165 pravidelne pran\u00e9 pri vysokej teplote<\/strong> s dezinfek\u010dn\u00fdmi prac\u00edmi prostriedkami, aby sa odstr\u00e1nili nielen ne\u010distoty, ale aj choroboplodn\u00e9 z\u00e1rodky. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je aj dezinfekcia vozidiel (najm\u00e4 kab\u00edny) a n\u00e1radia, ke\u010f\u017ee sa v nich kumuluje \u0161pina a mikroorganizmy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pracovn\u00edci kanaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed a \u010disti\u010diek odpadov\u00fdch v\u00f4d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vystavenie patog\u00e9nom a chemik\u00e1li\u00e1m: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pracovn\u00edci staraj\u00faci sa o kanaliza\u010dn\u00e9 siete a \u010distiarne odpadov\u00fdch v\u00f4d<\/strong> patria medzi najviac exponovan\u00fdch patog\u00e9nom. Odpadov\u00e1 voda obsahuje fek\u00e1lny materi\u00e1l, mo\u010d, r\u00f4zne spla\u0161ky a rozlo\u017en\u00e9 produkty, v ktor\u00fdch sa vo ve\u013ekom mno\u017estve nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa bakt\u00e9rie, v\u00edrusy, plesne a in\u00e9 patog\u00e9ny<\/em>. \u010cast\u00fdm rizikom v kan\u00e1loch je napr\u00edklad Leptospir\u00f3za<\/strong> \u2013 bakt\u00e9ria \u0161\u00edren\u00e1 mo\u010dom potkanov, ktor\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 v\u00e1\u017ene ochorenie pe\u010dene a obli\u010diek. Ohrozen\u00ed s\u00fa aj hepatit\u00eddou (v\u00edrusom \u017elta\u010dky typu A) \u010di parazit\u00e1rnymi \u010dervami<\/strong>, ak pr\u00eddu do kontaktu s kontaminovanou vodou alebo bahnom. Kanaliza\u010dn\u00e9 plyny predstavuj\u00fa zase chemick\u00e9 riziko \u2013 napr\u00edklad s\u00edrovod\u00edk (H\u2082S)<\/strong> vznikaj\u00faci rozkladom odpadu je jedovat\u00fd plyn, ktor\u00fd v\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00e1ch sp\u00f4sobuje otravu alebo udusenie. V uzavret\u00fdch kanaliza\u010dn\u00fdch \u0161acht\u00e1ch sa m\u00f4\u017eu hromadi\u0165 aj v\u00fdpary z chemik\u00e1li\u00ed spl\u00e1chnut\u00fdch do odpadu (\u010disti\u010de odpadov, rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adl\u00e1), tak\u017ee pracovn\u00edci \u010delia zmesi biologick\u00fdch aj toxick\u00fdch vplyvov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u010cistota pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prostredie kanaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed a \u010disti\u010diek je extr\u00e9mne zne\u010disten\u00e9. V kan\u00e1loch panuje tma, vlhko, \u010dasto n\u00e1nosy bahna \u010di tukov\u00fdch usaden\u00edn. Upchat\u00e9 potrubia<\/em> s\u00fa pln\u00e9 kalu a odpadu \u2013 ak sa pravidelne ne\u010distia, hromadia sa v nich ne\u010distoty a mno\u017eia bakt\u00e9rie a plesne<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 ohrozuj\u00fa zdravie \u013eud\u00ed v okol\u00ed. Pri z\u00e1sahu v upchatej kanaliz\u00e1cii \u010dasto d\u00f4jde k uvo\u013eneniu nahromaden\u00fdch spla\u0161kov, \u010do znamen\u00e1 kontakt pracovn\u00edka s v\u00fdkalmi a \u0161pinavou vodou. V \u010distiar\u0148ach odpadov\u00fdch v\u00f4d s\u00fa pracovn\u00edci obklopen\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017eami s odpadovou vodou, filtrami zachyt\u00e1vaj\u00facimi hrub\u00e9 ne\u010distoty (textil, plasty) a kalov\u00fdm hospod\u00e1rstvom. V\u0161ade pr\u00edtomn\u00fd je z\u00e1pach a aeros\u00f3l \u2013 drobn\u00e9 kvap\u00f4\u010dky zne\u010distenej vody m\u00f4\u017eu vo vzduchu pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 mikroorganizmy. Na povrchoch zariaden\u00ed sa tvoria biofilmy (vrstvy mikroorganizmov), prostredie je koroz\u00edvne a po\u0161kodzuje aj techniku. \u010cistota je teda minim\u00e1lna a udr\u017ea\u0165 ju vy\u017eaduje neust\u00e1le \u010distenie a dezinfekciu, \u010do v\u0161ak pracovn\u00e9 prostredie nikdy celkom nezbav\u00ed pr\u00edtomnej \u0161piny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku n\u00edzkej hygieny: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V d\u00f4sledku povahy prostredia hrozia pracovn\u00edkom kanaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed najm\u00e4 infekcie d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest<\/strong>, ko\u017en\u00e9 ochorenia<\/strong> a syst\u00e9mov\u00e9 infekcie. Vd\u00fdchnutie aeros\u00f3lu z odpadovej vody m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 p\u013e\u00facne infekcie<\/em> (napr. legionel\u00f3zu). Kontakt poko\u017eky s kontaminovanou vodou \u010di kalom zas vedie k ko\u017en\u00fdm vyr\u00e1\u017ekam, plesniam a z\u00e1palom spojiviek<\/em>. Bez adekv\u00e1tnej ochrany m\u00f4\u017eu pracovn\u00edci dosta\u0165 \u017eal\u00fado\u010dno-\u010drevn\u00e9 ochorenia<\/strong> (hna\u010dky, salmonel\u00f3zy) len z toho, \u017ee sa im patog\u00e9ny z vody nepriamo dostan\u00fa do \u00fast (napr. pri jeden\u00ed bez umytia r\u00fak). Smrte\u013ene nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00fa otravy plynmi \u2013 s\u00edrovod\u00edk vo vy\u0161\u0161ej koncentr\u00e1cii paralyzuje \u010duch (nie je ho c\u00edti\u0165) a sp\u00f4sobuje kolaps; ka\u017edoro\u010dne v\u00a0svete zaznamen\u00e1vame pr\u00edpady udu\u0161enia pracovn\u00edkov v\u00a0septikoch a kan\u00e1loch. V prostred\u00ed kanaliz\u00e1ci\u00ed je tie\u017e zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko \u00farazov<\/strong>: po\u0161myknutia, p\u00e1dy do \u0161\u00e1cht, zasiahnutie vysokotlakovou vodou pri \u010disten\u00ed potrubia. Ak sa \u00faraz stane, hroz\u00ed infekcia rany kv\u00f4li enormn\u00e9mu zne\u010disteniu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1roky na \u010distenie a hygienu: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e1ca v kanaliz\u00e1ci\u00e1ch si vy\u017eaduje d\u00f4sledn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvanie osobn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch prostriedkov (OOP)<\/strong>. Samozrejmos\u0165ou by mali by\u0165 nepremokav\u00e9 gumov\u00e9 obleky alebo kombin\u00e9zy, gumov\u00e9 rukavice, ochrann\u00e9 okuliare alebo \u0161t\u00edty a respir\u00e1tor \u010di maska s filtrami proti v\u00fdparom. Po ka\u017edom z\u00e1sahu v kanaliz\u00e1cii by mali pracovn\u00edci vybavenie dezinfikova\u0165<\/strong> \u2013 opl\u00e1chnu\u0165 \u010distou vodou a o\u0161etri\u0165 dezinfek\u010dn\u00fdmi prostriedkami, ktor\u00e9 zahubia pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 mikr\u00f3by. Pracovn\u00fd odev, ak nie je jednorazov\u00fd, je potrebn\u00e9 opra\u0165 na vysok\u00fa teplotu<\/strong> a vydezinfikova\u0165 (napr. chl\u00f3rov\u00fdm pr\u00edpravkom ur\u010den\u00fdm na textil). Samotn\u00ed pracovn\u00edci by si mali po vyjden\u00ed z kan\u00e1la okam\u017eite umy\u0165 ruky dezinfek\u010dn\u00fdm mydlom<\/strong>, ide\u00e1lne sa aj osprchova\u0165, ak mali rozsiahlej\u0161\u00ed kontakt s ne\u010distotou. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je aj prevent\u00edvna zdravotn\u00e1 starostlivos\u0165<\/strong> \u2013 t\u00edto zamestnanci by mali by\u0165 pravidelne o\u010dkovan\u00ed (napr. proti \u017elta\u010dke, tetanu) a chodi\u0165 na lek\u00e1rske prehliadky, ktor\u00e9 v\u010das odhalia pr\u00edpadn\u00e9 infekcie \u010di in\u00e9 po\u0161kodenia zdravia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ban\u00edci a pracovn\u00edci v \u0165a\u017eobnom priemysle<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vystavenie patog\u00e9nom a chemik\u00e1li\u00e1m: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V ban\u00edctve sa m\u00f4\u017ee zda\u0165, \u017ee probl\u00e9mom nie s\u00fa patog\u00e9ny (ke\u010f\u017ee ide o anorganick\u00e9 prostredie). Av\u0161ak ban\u00edci, najm\u00e4 v uho\u013en\u00fdch baniach, \u010delia plesniam<\/em> \u2013 v uho\u013enom prachu sa m\u00f4\u017eu nach\u00e1dza\u0165 sp\u00f3ry h\u00fab, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa ochorenia p\u013e\u00fac. Navy\u0161e sa v podzem\u00ed vyskytuj\u00fa bakt\u00e9rie<\/strong> v\u00a0stojatej vode a bahne. Hlavn\u00fdm rizikom s\u00fa v\u0161ak chemick\u00e9 a miner\u00e1lne faktory: jemn\u00fd prach z horn\u00edn<\/strong> (obsahuj\u00faci kremi\u010dit\u00fd piesok, uho\u013en\u00e9 \u010dastice) a plyny<\/strong> uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00face sa z geologick\u00fdch vrstiev (met\u00e1n, oxid uho\u013enat\u00fd). Pri trhac\u00edch pr\u00e1cach s\u00fa ban\u00edci vystaven\u00ed aj chemik\u00e1li\u00e1m <\/a>z trhav\u00edn a v\u00fdfukov\u00fdm plynom dieselov\u00fdch strojov v podzem\u00ed. Vo viacer\u00fdch baniach hroz\u00ed expoz\u00edcia \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdm kovom a r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvnym l\u00e1tkam<\/strong>. Ako pr\u00edklad mo\u017eno uvies\u0165 mang\u00e1n v rudn\u00fdch baniach<\/em>, ktor\u00e9ho prach a dymy pri razen\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu po\u0161kodzova\u0165 nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Celkovo je spektrum \u0161kodliv\u00edn \u0161irok\u00e9 \u2013 od kremi\u010dit\u00e9ho prachu cez toxick\u00e9 kovy a\u017e po hor\u013eav\u00e9 a dusiv\u00e9 plyny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cistota pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bansk\u00e9 prostredie je notoricky zn\u00e1me ako \u0161pinav\u00e9. V hlbinn\u00fdch baniach (napr\u00edklad na uhlie) tr\u00e1via ban\u00edci cel\u00fd pracovn\u00fd \u010das v \u00fazkych chodb\u00e1ch pln\u00fdch prachu<\/strong>, blata a odstrelen\u00e9ho kamenia. Pra\u0161nos\u0165 v tak\u00fdchto priestoroch \u010dasto mnohon\u00e1sobne prekra\u010duje povolen\u00e9 limity \u2013 prach sa us\u00e1dza na sten\u00e1ch, strojoch aj na tele ban\u00edkov. T\u00ed b\u00fdvaj\u00fa po \u0161ichte cel\u00ed \u010dierni od uho\u013en\u00e9ho prachu<\/em>. Na mnoh\u00fdch pracovisk\u00e1ch doch\u00e1dza aj ku\u00a0kontaktu s vodou \u2013 bu\u010f stek\u00e1 zo stropu chodieb, alebo sa mus\u00ed bane od\u010derp\u00e1va\u0165. \u010cistota prostredia je prakticky nulov\u00e1: ban\u00edcke \u0161achty sa nedaj\u00fa pravidelne upratova\u0165, prach sa v\u00edri pri ka\u017edom v\u0155tan\u00ed \u010di odstrele. Navy\u0161e ban\u00edci \u010dasto pracuj\u00fa na zemi (napr\u00edklad v n\u00edzkych slojoch lez\u00fa po bruchu), tak\u017ee priamy kontakt s ne\u010distotou je nevyhnutn\u00fd. Svetlo je obmedzen\u00e9, \u010do s\u0165a\u017euje vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu \u010distoty. Jedin\u00fdm relat\u00edvne \u010dist\u00fdm priestorom je povrchov\u00e9 z\u00e1zemie (\u0161atne a sprchy), kam sa ban\u00edci vracaj\u00fa a\u017e po skon\u010den\u00ed pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku n\u00edzkej hygieny: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dlhodob\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca v zapr\u00e1\u0161enom banskom prostred\u00ed vedie k zn\u00e1mej skupine chor\u00f4b \u2013 pneumokoni\u00f3zam<\/strong> \u010di\u017ee zapr\u00e1\u0161eniu p\u013e\u00fac. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ou z nich je silik\u00f3za<\/strong> (z kremi\u010dit\u00e9ho prachu) a pneumokoni\u00f3za<\/strong> (z uho\u013en\u00e9ho prachu). Tieto choroby sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa nezvratn\u00e9 zjazvenie p\u013e\u00fac a chronick\u00fa p\u013e\u00facnu nedostato\u010dnos\u0165. Potvrdzuje to aj \u0161tatistika: v odvetv\u00ed \u0165a\u017eby a dob\u00fdvania s\u00fa medzi zamestnancami naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pr\u00e1ve pneumokoni\u00f3zy a chronick\u00e9 respira\u010dn\u00e9 ochorenia<\/em>. Okrem p\u013e\u00facnych chor\u00f4b hrozia ban\u00edkom alergick\u00e9 reakcie<\/strong> (najm\u00e4 ak prach obsahuje s\u00edru alebo in\u00e9 dr\u00e1\u017ediv\u00e9 zlo\u017eky) a ak\u00fatne otravy plynmi. Napr\u00edklad oxid uho\u013enat\u00fd<\/strong> pri nedostato\u010dnom vetran\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 otravu s boles\u0165ami hlavy, nevo\u013enos\u0165ou a\u017e stratou vedomia. Prach v o\u010diach vedie k z\u00e1palom spojiviek, prach v kontakte s poko\u017ekou m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 dermatit\u00eddy. Nehygienick\u00e9 podmienky (teplo, pot a \u0161pina) prispievaj\u00fa aj k ko\u017en\u00fdm a ples\u0148ov\u00fdm ochoreniam<\/em> \u2013 ban\u00edci \u010dasto trpia napr\u00edklad ples\u0148ami na noh\u00e1ch. Samostatnou kateg\u00f3riou s\u00fa \u00farazy<\/strong> (z\u00e1valy, p\u00e1dy), ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v ban\u00edctve \u010dast\u00e9; ak sa pri \u00faraze dostane do rany uho\u013en\u00fd prach a zemina, komplikuje to hojenie a m\u00f4\u017ee vznikn\u00fa\u0165 infekcia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1roky na \u010distenie a hygienu: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V ban\u00edctve je nesmierne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 respir\u00e1tory alebo masky<\/strong> na filtrovanie prachu \u2013 ide\u00e1lne s v\u00fddychov\u00fdm ventilom a filtra\u010dnou triedou P3, ktor\u00e1 zachyt\u00ed aj ve\u013emi jemn\u00e9 \u010dastice. Pracovn\u00fd odev by mal by\u0165 z pevnej l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e1 \u010do najviac uzatv\u00e1ra povrch tela<\/em> (dlh\u00e9 ruk\u00e1vy, dlh\u00e9 nohavice) a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa d\u00e1 dobre opra\u0165. Po ka\u017edej \u0161ichte by ban\u00edci mali absolvova\u0165 d\u00f4kladn\u00fa o\u010distu \u2013 sprchovanie a um\u00fdvanie vlasov<\/strong>, aby zmyli prach z tela. V \u0161atniach ban\u00ed sa obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa tzv. dvojit\u00e9 \u0161atne<\/strong> (\u010dist\u00e1 a \u0161pinav\u00e1 \u0161at\u0148a) \u2013 pracovn\u00e9 odevy sa nech\u00e1vaj\u00fa v \u201e\u0161pinavej\u201c a domov si zamestnanci ber\u00fa len seba, \u010dist\u00ed v osobnom oble\u010den\u00ed. To pom\u00e1ha oddeli\u0165 kontaminovan\u00e9 veci. Tieto pracovn\u00e9 odevy je potrebn\u00e9 pra\u0165 oddelene<\/strong> od be\u017enej bielizne, ide\u00e1lne centr\u00e1lne v pr\u00e1\u010dovni, ktor\u00e1 vie zvl\u00e1dnu\u0165 aj silne zne\u010disten\u00fa a prachom nas\u00fdten\u00fa l\u00e1tku. Samozrejmos\u0165ou s\u00fa pevn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 okuliare<\/strong> (proti \u00falomkom aj prachu) a pri riziku padania predmetov aj prilba<\/strong>. Pri pr\u00e1ci s trhavinami a v\u00fdskytom plynov by nemali ch\u00fdba\u0165 detektory plynov<\/strong> a v\u00a0pripravenosti osobn\u00e9 d\u00fdchacie pr\u00edstroje<\/em> na \u00fanik. Z h\u013eadiska osobnej hygieny by mali ban\u00edci dba\u0165, aby nepil\u00adi a nejedli v pra\u0161nom prostred\u00ed<\/strong>, a v pr\u00edpade poranenia okam\u017eite vyh\u013eadali lek\u00e1ra kv\u00f4li vy\u010disteniu a o\u0161etreniu rany .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stavebn\u00ed robotn\u00edci<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vystavenie patog\u00e9nom a chemik\u00e1li\u00e1m: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V stavebn\u00edctve nejde ani tak o biologick\u00e9 patog\u00e9ny (hoci aj na stavbe sa m\u00f4\u017eu v prachu n\u00e1js\u0165 sp\u00f3ry plesn\u00ed z organick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov). Hlavn\u00fdm rizikom s\u00fa op\u00e4\u0165 prach a chemik\u00e1lie<\/strong>. Stavebn\u00ed robotn\u00edci pri svojej pr\u00e1ci vdychuj\u00fa prach z cementu, teh\u00e1l, bet\u00f3nu \u010di sadrokart\u00f3nu \u2013 tento prach obsahuje kremi\u010dit\u00e9 \u010dastice<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 pri dlhodobej expoz\u00edcii po\u0161kodzuj\u00fa p\u013e\u00faca. \u010ealej prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa do kontaktu s r\u00f4znymi chemick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami: n\u00e1termi, riedidlami, lepidlami, penami, asfaltom<\/em>. Mnoh\u00e9 z nich maj\u00fa prchav\u00e9 zlo\u017eky (VOC), ktor\u00e9 pri nedostato\u010dnom vetran\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 bolesti hlavy, podr\u00e1\u017edenie d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest \u010di otravy. Pomerne be\u017en\u00e9 s\u00fa na stavb\u00e1ch aj kyseliny a \u017eieraviny<\/strong> (pri \u010disten\u00ed bet\u00f3nu, muriva), ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu pri kontakte pop\u00e1li\u0165 poko\u017eku alebo o\u010di. Niektor\u00e9 \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 stavebn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce (napr. zv\u00e1ranie kovov\u00fdch kon\u0161trukci\u00ed) vystavuj\u00fa pracovn\u00edkov aj kovov\u00fdm dymom. Hoci teda stavb\u00e1ri nemusia rie\u0161i\u0165 to\u013eko infek\u010dn\u00e9 choroby, \u010delia zmesi prachu a ch\u00e9mie \u2013 potenci\u00e1lne rovnako nebezpe\u010dnej<\/em> ako patog\u00e9ny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cistota pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Typick\u00e9 stavenisko je pra\u0161n\u00e9, hlu\u010dn\u00e9 a pln\u00e9 neporiadku. Po\u010das stavebn\u00fdch pr\u00e1c vznik\u00e1 mno\u017estvo odpadu (\u00falomky teh\u00e1l, bet\u00f3nu, dreva, plastov), ktor\u00fd sa \u010dasto hromad\u00ed okolo pracoviska. Na zemi b\u00fdva blato (ak sa stavia za da\u017e\u010fa) zmie\u0161an\u00e9 so stavebn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom. Pra\u0161nos\u0165 je extr\u00e9mna<\/strong> najm\u00e4 pri suchom po\u010das\u00ed a pri \u010dinnostiach ako rezanie bet\u00f3nu, br\u00fasenie omietok \u010di mie\u0161anie cementu \u2013 prach pokr\u00fdva okolie a pracovn\u00edci ho maj\u00fa vo vlasoch, na ruk\u00e1ch aj v p\u013e\u00facach. Ak sa pracuje vo vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch priestoroch (napr. rekon\u0161trukcie), vrstvy prachu pokryj\u00fa cel\u00e9 miestnosti. Stavebn\u00ed robotn\u00edci navy\u0161e \u010dasto pracuj\u00fa vo v\u00fd\u0161kach, na le\u0161en\u00ed, kde m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 menej mo\u017enost\u00ed udr\u017eiava\u0165 poriadok. Realita je tak\u00e1, \u017ee stavba je zvy\u010dajne \u0161pinav\u00e9 prostredie<\/strong>, kde je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 dodr\u017eiava\u0165 \u010distotu \u2013 upratuje sa a\u017e na z\u00e1ver, po dokon\u010den\u00ed pr\u00e1c. Dovtedy pracovn\u00edci funguj\u00fa obklopen\u00ed stavebn\u00fdm prachom a ne\u010distotami. V letn\u00fdch hor\u00fa\u010dav\u00e1ch sa prach a \u0161pina lepia na spoten\u00e9 telo, v zime zas blato a cement \u0161pinia odev aj ko\u017eu. Niektor\u00e9 stavby (napr. star\u0161ie budovy) m\u00f4\u017eu obsahova\u0165 aj nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly<\/strong> ako azbest \u010di star\u00e9 plesne, \u010do e\u0161te zhor\u0161uje hygienick\u00e9 pomery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku n\u00edzkej hygieny: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prach na stavbe vedie \u010dasto k alergick\u00fdm ochoreniam d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest<\/strong> a dr\u00e1\u017ediv\u00e9mu ka\u0161\u013eu. Mnoho mur\u00e1rov a obklada\u010dov trp\u00ed chronickou n\u00e1dchou \u010di z\u00e1palmi priedu\u0161iek pr\u00e1ve z inhal\u00e1cie cementov\u00e9ho prachu. Cement m\u00e1 navy\u0161e vysok\u00e9 pH (je z\u00e1sadit\u00fd), tak\u017ee dr\u00e1\u017edi poko\u017eku<\/strong> \u2013 pri dlh\u0161om kontakte m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 tzv. cementov\u00fd ekz\u00e9m, popraskanie ko\u017ee a chronick\u00e9 dermatit\u00eddy. Chemick\u00e9 v\u00fdpary (napr. z lepidiel a n\u00e1terov) m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 bolesti hlavy, z\u00e1vraty a v hor\u0161\u00edch pr\u00edpadoch po\u0161kodenie pe\u010dene \u010di obli\u010diek<\/em>. Napr\u00edklad organick\u00e9 rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adl\u00e1 s\u00fa zn\u00e1me t\u00fdm, \u017ee pri dlhodobej expoz\u00edcii po\u0161kodzuj\u00fa nervov\u00fa s\u00fastavu. Na stavb\u00e1ch sa \u010dasto vyskytuje hluk<\/strong> (zb\u00edja\u010dky, p\u00edly), \u010do vedie k postupnej strate sluchu \u2013 poruchy sluchu z hluku tvoria zna\u010dn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 chor\u00f4b z povolania v stavebn\u00edctve. \u0160pinav\u00e9 prostredie zvy\u0161uje aj riziko infekci\u00ed z poranen\u00ed: drobn\u00e9 rezy \u010di odreniny sa v prachu \u013eahko infikuj\u00fa bakt\u00e9riami, m\u00f4\u017eu hnisavo zap\u00e1li\u0165. Preto by ka\u017ed\u00fd \u00faraz na stavbe mal by\u0165 vy\u010disten\u00fd a o\u0161etren\u00fd, inak hroz\u00ed komplikovan\u00e9 hojenie. Nemo\u017eno opomen\u00fa\u0165 ani pre\u0165a\u017eenie pohybov\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu<\/strong> \u2013 stavebn\u00ed robotn\u00edci \u010dasto zdv\u00edhaj\u00fa \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly a pracuj\u00fa vo vyn\u00faten\u00fdch poloh\u00e1ch, \u010do vedie k po\u0161kodeniam chrbta, k\u013abov a \u0161liach. Hoci to priamo nes\u00favis\u00ed s hygienou, kombin\u00e1cia fyzickej z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee a nevhodn\u00fdch hygienick\u00fdch podmienok (chlad, prievan na stavbe) m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 aj \u010dastej\u0161ie ochorenia pohybov\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu a prechladnutia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1roky na \u010distenie a hygienu:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na stavbe by mali pracovn\u00edci pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 respir\u00e1tory alebo ochrann\u00e9 masky<\/strong> pri pra\u0161n\u00fdch pr\u00e1cach \u2013 ide\u00e1lne s filtrom P2 alebo P3 pre jemn\u00fd prach. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 ma\u0165 ochrann\u00e9 okuliare<\/strong> pri br\u00fasen\u00ed a rezan\u00ed, aby prach a \u00falomky nezasiahli o\u010di. Ruky by mali chr\u00e1ni\u0165 pracovn\u00e9 rukavice<\/strong>, najm\u00e4 pri pr\u00e1ci s cementom \u010di chemik\u00e1liami, aby sa predi\u0161lo kontaktn\u00fdm dermatit\u00eddam. Po skon\u010den\u00ed pra\u0161n\u00fdch pr\u00e1c je vhodn\u00e9 zotrie\u0165 prach z povrchov<\/strong> (aspo\u0148 tam, kde sa je alebo oddychuje) a vetra\u0165 miestnosti, aby sa zn\u00ed\u017eila koncentr\u00e1cia prachu a v\u00fdparov vo vzduchu. Osobn\u00e1 hygiena zah\u0155\u0148a um\u00fdvanie r\u00fak pred jedlom a po pr\u00e1ci, ide\u00e1lne aj osprchovanie na z\u00e1ver d\u0148a<\/strong> \u2013 mnoho stavebn\u00fdch firiem na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch projektoch zabezpe\u010duje do\u010dasn\u00e9 sprchy a \u0161atne priamo na stavenisku. Pracovn\u00fd odev by mal by\u0165 z odoln\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (napr. keper), ktor\u00fd zachyt\u00ed \u0161pinu a z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa d\u00e1 \u013eahko vypra\u0165. Odpor\u00fa\u010da sa pravideln\u00e9 pranie pracovn\u00fdch odevov<\/a><\/strong> \u2013 ak pracovn\u00edk cel\u00fd t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 nos\u00ed ten ist\u00fd pra\u0161n\u00fd odev, vystavuje sa zbyto\u010dne dlh\u0161ie \u00fa\u010dinkom \u0161kodliv\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 na odeve ostali. Samozrejmos\u0165ou je dodr\u017eiava\u0165 z\u00e1kaz faj\u010denia a jedenia priamo na zne\u010disten\u00fdch pracovisk\u00e1ch. Z h\u013eadiska prevencie chor\u00f4b z povolania by mali stavebn\u00ed pracovn\u00edci absolvova\u0165 pravideln\u00e9 lek\u00e1rske prehliadky<\/strong>, so zameran\u00edm na p\u013e\u00facne vy\u0161etrenia (RTG p\u013e\u00fac, funk\u010dn\u00e9 testy) a sluchov\u00e9 testy, aby sa v\u010das odhalili pr\u00edznaky silik\u00f3zy \u010di straty sluchu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pracovn\u00edci v \u0165a\u017ekom priemysle (hutn\u00edci, zlieva\u010di, zv\u00e1ra\u010di)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vystavenie patog\u00e9nom a chemik\u00e1li\u00e1m: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V hutn\u00edckych a stroj\u00e1rensk\u00fdch prev\u00e1dzkach je hlavn\u00fdm rizikom expoz\u00edcia chemick\u00fdm l\u00e1tkam a extr\u00e9mnym fyzik\u00e1lnym podmienkam<\/strong>. Taven\u00ed a spracovan\u00ed kovov sprev\u00e1dza uvo\u013e\u0148ovanie kovov\u00fdch dymov a splod\u00edn<\/em> \u2013 napr\u00edklad v oceliar\u0148ach a zlievar\u0148ach sa uvo\u013e\u0148uje oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd, oxid uho\u013enat\u00fd, ale aj mikro\u010dastice oxidu \u017eeleza, mang\u00e1nu, krem\u00edka a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch prvkov. Mang\u00e1nov\u00e9 v\u00fdpary<\/strong> v oceliarni \u010di bane s\u00fa zn\u00e1me t\u00fdm, \u017ee nadmern\u00e1 expoz\u00edcia m\u00f4\u017ee po\u0161kodi\u0165 nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Zv\u00e1ra\u010di s\u00fa vystaven\u00ed aeros\u00f3lom z kovov (zinok, chr\u00f3m, nikel pod\u013ea zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu) a ochrann\u00fdm plynom. Tieto l\u00e1tky m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 tzv. \u201ezv\u00e1ra\u010dsk\u00fa hor\u00fa\u010dku\u201c<\/strong> (stav podobn\u00fd chr\u00edpke po nad\u00fdchan\u00ed oxidov kovov). V lakovniach kovov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov zas hroz\u00ed expoz\u00edcia organick\u00fdm rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adl\u00e1m a izokyan\u00e1tom z farieb, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa toxick\u00e9 a alerg\u00e9nne. V stroj\u00e1rstve sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa aj rezn\u00e9 oleje a emulzie<\/strong>, ktor\u00fdch hmly pri obr\u00e1ban\u00ed kovov dr\u00e1\u017edia d\u00fdchacie cesty a poko\u017eku. Nezanedbate\u013en\u00e9 s\u00fa aj tepeln\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 \u2013 hutn\u00edci pracuj\u00fa pri peciach, kde je extr\u00e9mne teplo, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k prehriatiu organizmu a dehydrat\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cistota pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0164a\u017ek\u00fd priemysel, najm\u00e4 hutn\u00edcky, je charakteristick\u00fd \u0161pecifick\u00fdm zne\u010disten\u00edm \u2013 jemn\u00fdm kovov\u00fdm prachom a maz\u013eavou \u0161pinou<\/strong>. V zlievar\u0148ach sa uvo\u013e\u0148uje prach z pieskov\u00fdch foriem a kovov\u00e9 \u010dastice, ktor\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvaj\u00fa podlahy aj povrchy strojov leskl\u00fdm \u010diernym pr\u00e1\u0161kom. Hutn\u00edci maj\u00fa \u010dasto tv\u00e1re a ruky pokryt\u00e9 tmav\u00fdm filmom oxida\u010dn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc. V stroj\u00e1rskych hal\u00e1ch zas podlahy b\u00fdvaj\u00fa klzk\u00e9 od chladiacich emulzi\u00ed a olejov, na povrchoch strojov sa lep\u00ed zmes kovov\u00fdch pil\u00edn a oleja. \u010cistota tu nikdy nie je \u00fapln\u00e1<\/strong> \u2013 hoci sa priemyseln\u00e9 haly pravidelne upratuj\u00fa, jemn\u00fd prach z br\u00fasenia \u010di zv\u00e1rania neust\u00e1le pad\u00e1. Na povrchu zariaden\u00ed sa m\u00f4\u017eu tvori\u0165 mastn\u00e9 usadeniny. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm aspektom je hlu\u010dn\u00e9 a hor\u00face prostredie<\/strong> \u2013 prach a \u0161pina sa v teple \u0161\u00edria vzduchom e\u0161te intenz\u00edvnej\u0161ie. Haly s\u00fa \u010dasto roz\u013eahl\u00e9, tak\u017ee udr\u017ea\u0165 v nich bezpra\u0161nos\u0165 je nemo\u017en\u00e9. Relat\u00edvne \u010dist\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 kontroln\u00e9 miestnosti alebo \u0161atne, kam sa pracovn\u00edci chodia vyd\u00fdcha\u0165 \u2013 tie v\u0161ak treba oddeli\u0165 (napr. vzduchov\u00fdmi sprchami \u010di aspo\u0148 z\u00e1vetr\u00edm), aby sa do nich \u0161pina z v\u00fdroby nepren\u00e1\u0161ala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku n\u00edzkej hygieny: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Vysok\u00e1 pra\u0161nos\u0165 a pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 kovov v prachu vedie v\u00a0\u0165a\u017ekom priemysle k podobn\u00fdm n\u00e1sledkom ako v ban\u00edctve \u010di stavebn\u00edctve \u2013 riziko pneumokoni\u00f3z<\/strong> (napr. z prachu zo zlievarensk\u00e9ho piesku) a chronick\u00fdch respira\u010dn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed<\/strong>. Okrem p\u013e\u00fac s\u00fa ohrozen\u00e9 aj \u010fal\u0161ie org\u00e1ny: \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 kovy ako olovo, kadmium \u010di chr\u00f3m<\/em>, ak sa dostan\u00fa do tela (\u010di u\u017e vd\u00fdchnut\u00edm, alebo cez poko\u017eku), m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 po\u0161kodenie pe\u010dene, obli\u010diek, nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu alebo zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 riziko rakoviny. Napr\u00edklad pravideln\u00e1 inhal\u00e1cia chr\u00f3mov\u00fdch a niklov\u00fdch dymov pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed nerezovej ocele je sp\u00e1jan\u00e1 so zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm v\u00fdskytom rakoviny p\u013e\u00fac a pr\u00ednosov\u00fdch dut\u00edn. Ko\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my<\/strong> s\u00fa tie\u017e be\u017en\u00e9 \u2013 kontaktn\u00e1 dermatit\u00edda z chladiacich emulzi\u00ed alebo z olejov (tzv. olejov\u00e9 akn\u00e9). V prostred\u00ed s\u00a0mno\u017estvom olejov a prachu sa drobn\u00e9 ranky na ko\u017ei \u013eahko infikuj\u00fa, \u010do vedie k zap\u00e1len\u00fdm vyr\u00e1\u017ekam. Hluk<\/strong> v \u0165a\u017ekom priemysle (kovov\u00e9 \u00fadery, strojov\u00e9 p\u00edly) prispieva k poruch\u00e1m sluchu. Vibr\u00e1cie<\/strong> z pneumatick\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 syndr\u00f3m bieleho prsta (po\u0161kodenie ciev a nervov v ruk\u00e1ch). Kombin\u00e1cia tepla a fyzickej n\u00e1mahy m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k prehriatiu organizmu, kolapsom a dehydrat\u00e1cii \u2013 ak pracovn\u00edk nepije dos\u0165 vody a nem\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 sa ochladi\u0165, hroz\u00ed \u00fapal. Bezprostrednou hrozbou s\u00fa aj pop\u00e1leniny<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 sa v \u0161pinavom prostred\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu komplikova\u0165 infekciou. Zanedbanie hygieny m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 za n\u00e1sledok, \u017ee pracovn\u00edk prehltne toxick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky<\/em> \u2013 typicky sa to st\u00e1va s\u00a0olovom (pri manipul\u00e1cii s\u00a0odliatkami alebo farbami na b\u00e1ze olova), \u010do vedie k\u00a0otrave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1roky na \u010distenie a hygienu: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V prvom rade je nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby pracovn\u00edci pou\u017e\u00edvali osobn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky<\/strong>: kvalitn\u00e9 respir\u00e1tory proti prachu a v\u00fdparom (pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed aj s akt\u00edvnym ods\u00e1van\u00edm), ochrann\u00e9 \u0161t\u00edty alebo okuliare, \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00e9 obleky a rukavice<\/strong> pri pr\u00e1ci s roztaven\u00fdm kovom a proti\u00fanavov\u00e9 roho\u017ee<\/a><\/strong> na st\u00e1tie (aby zn\u00ed\u017eili n\u00e1mahu n\u00f4h a mno\u017estvo prachu v\u00edriaceho sa z podlahy). \u010co sa t\u00fdka hygieny, k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 je spr\u00e1vne um\u00fdvanie r\u00fak<\/strong> \u2013 po pr\u00e1ci a pred jedlom, s pou\u017eit\u00edm odmas\u0165ovacieho mydla, ktor\u00e9 odstr\u00e1ni olejov\u00e9 a kovov\u00e9 \u010dastice z poko\u017eky. Ve\u013ek\u00e9 priemyseln\u00e9 podniky zvykn\u00fa ma\u0165 sprchy<\/strong> a zamestnanci by ich mali po ka\u017edej zmene vyu\u017ei\u0165, aby zmyli prach a chemik\u00e1lie z tela. Pracovn\u00fd odev by sa nemal nosi\u0165 domov; ide\u00e1lne je ponecha\u0165 ho v \u0161atni a pra\u0165 centr\u00e1lne<\/strong>. Pri manipul\u00e1cii s chemik\u00e1liami (farbami, rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adlami) treba pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 filtra\u010dn\u00e9 masky a rukavice<\/strong> odoln\u00e9 vo\u010di dan\u00fdm l\u00e1tkam. V priestoroch by malo fungova\u0165 ods\u00e1vanie prachu a ventil\u00e1cia<\/strong> \u2013 ak to nie je, zne\u010distenie sa us\u00e1dza v\u0161ade. Preto by mal zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e zabezpe\u010di\u0165 pravideln\u00e9 technick\u00e9 \u010distenie<\/em> (ods\u00e1vanie prachu z v\u00fd\u0161ky, \u010distenie filtrov vzduchotechniky). Stravovanie by malo prebieha\u0165 v oddelenej, \u010distej jed\u00e1lni \u2013 pracovn\u00edci by nikdy nemali jes\u0165 priamo na dielni, kde by mohli konzumova\u0165 spolu s jedlom aj kovov\u00fd prach. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je aj osobn\u00e1 prevencia<\/strong>: napr\u00edklad neodklada\u0165 si cigarety \u010di jedlo na pracovn\u00e9 stoly, aby sa nekontaminovali, a nekonzumova\u0165 ni\u010d bez umytia r\u00fak a tv\u00e1re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci (lek\u00e1ri, sestry, sanit\u00e1ri)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vystavenie patog\u00e9nom a chemik\u00e1li\u00e1m: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zdravotn\u00edcki pracovn\u00edci, najm\u00e4 t\u00ed v nemocniciach a laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1ch, s\u00fa dennodenne v kontakte s mno\u017estvom patog\u00e9nov \u2013 v\u00edrusov, bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed, plesn\u00ed<\/em>. Pri starostlivosti o pacientov s infek\u010dn\u00fdmi chorobami (napr\u00edklad chr\u00edpka, tuberkul\u00f3za, COVID-19) inhaluj\u00fa aeros\u00f3ly obsahuj\u00face tieto mikroorganizmy. Sestry a lek\u00e1ri sa m\u00f4\u017eu porani\u0165 kontaminovan\u00fdmi ostr\u00fdmi predmetmi<\/strong> (ihly, skalpely) a t\u00fdm sa vystavi\u0165 riziku n\u00e1kazy krvou prenosn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed ako HIV \u010di hepatit\u00edda B a C<\/em>. Laboranti v mikrobiologick\u00fdch a virologick\u00fdch lab\u00e1koch pracuj\u00fa priamo s kult\u00farami patog\u00e9nov v Petriho misk\u00e1ch. Okrem toho zdravotn\u00edci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne dezinfek\u010dn\u00e9 a steriliza\u010dn\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie<\/strong> (alkoholov\u00e9 dezinfekcie, chl\u00f3r, formaldehyd), ktor\u00fdch v\u00fdpary pri dlhodobom vdychovan\u00ed nie s\u00fa bez rizika \u2013 m\u00f4\u017eu dr\u00e1\u017edi\u0165 d\u00fdchacie cesty \u010di by\u0165 karcinog\u00e9nne (formaldehyd). V men\u0161ej miere sa stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj s cytostatikami (pri pr\u00edprave liekov na onkol\u00f3gii) a r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvnymi l\u00e1tkami (v r\u00e1diol\u00f3gii), ktor\u00e9 takisto predstavuj\u00fa \u0161pecifick\u00e9 hygienick\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy. Celkovo patria zdravotn\u00edcke profesie k t\u00fdm, kde hroz\u00ed infekcia \u010di otrava<\/strong> pri zanedban\u00ed hygienick\u00fdch opatren\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cistota pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V zdravotn\u00edctve sa kladie ve\u013ek\u00fd d\u00f4raz na \u010distotu \u2013 nemocni\u010dn\u00e9 prostredie mus\u00ed by\u0165 steriln\u00e9 alebo aspo\u0148 aseptick\u00e9<\/em>. Na rozdiel od vy\u0161\u0161ie zmienen\u00fdch povolan\u00ed sa tu \u0161pina akt\u00edvne odstra\u0148uje: podlahy sa dezinfikuj\u00fa, povrchy utieraj\u00fa a odpad (najm\u00e4 infek\u010dn\u00fd) sa bezpe\u010dne likviduje. Napriek tomu sa nemocni\u010dn\u00e9 prostredie st\u00e1le hem\u017e\u00ed mikroskopick\u00fdmi patog\u00e9nmi. Ka\u017ed\u00fd pacient je potenci\u00e1lnym zdrojom n\u00e1kazy (napr. Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> na ko\u017ei, norov\u00edrusy<\/em> sp\u00f4sobuj\u00face hna\u010dky at\u010f.). \u010cistota r\u00fak<\/strong> zdravotn\u00edkov a n\u00e1strojov je prvorad\u00e1 \u2013 pred a po ka\u017edom kontakte s pacientom prebieha dezinfekcia r\u00fak. No aj pri najlep\u0161ej snahe nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 udr\u017ea\u0165 nemocni\u010dn\u00e9 prostredie dokonale steriln\u00e9 po cel\u00fd \u010das. Rizikov\u00e9 s\u00fa najm\u00e4 miesta ako urgentn\u00e9 pr\u00edjmy (kde prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa zranen\u00ed s ne\u010distotami), infek\u010dn\u00e9 oddelenia a opera\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00e1ly po\u010das z\u00e1kroku. Vzduch<\/em> v nemocniciach je filtrovan\u00fd, ale nie \u00faplne bez z\u00e1rodkov; povrchy<\/em> sa r\u00fdchlo znova kontaminuj\u00fa dotykom. Z poh\u013eadu zdravotn\u00edkov je ich pracovn\u00e9 prostredie paradoxne jedno z \u201e\u010distej\u0161\u00edch\u201c v zmysle vidite\u013enej \u0161piny, ale hygienicky mimoriadne n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9<\/strong> kv\u00f4li nevidite\u013en\u00fdm patog\u00e9nom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku n\u00edzkej hygieny:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ak sa v zdravotn\u00edctve podcen\u00ed hygiena, n\u00e1sledky m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 v\u00e1\u017ene nielen pre pacientov (nemocni\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1kazy), ale aj pre person\u00e1l. Infek\u010dn\u00e9 ochorenia<\/strong> patria medzi naj\u010dastej\u0161ie choroby z povolania u zdravotn\u00edkov. Napr\u00edklad zdravotn\u00e9 sestry m\u00f4\u017eu pri starostlivosti o pacienta chyti\u0165 \u017elta\u010dku typu A<\/em> (or\u00e1lno-fek\u00e1lnou cestou), ak by nedodr\u017eali hygienu r\u00fak. Lek\u00e1ri ORL alebo zub\u00e1ri s\u00fa denne vystaven\u00ed oblaku aeros\u00f3lu z \u00fast pacientov \u2013 hroz\u00ed tuberkul\u00f3za, meningokokov\u00e1 n\u00e1kaza \u010di in\u00e9 kvap\u00f4\u010dkov\u00e9 infekcie. Pri poranen\u00ed pou\u017eitou ihlou sa zdravotn\u00edk m\u00f4\u017ee nakazi\u0165 HIV, hepatit\u00eddou B alebo C<\/em>. Infekcie z\u00a0povolania tvoria v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 hl\u00e1sen\u00fdch chor\u00f4b u zdravotn\u00edkov. Okrem infekci\u00ed s\u00fa be\u017en\u00e9 aj ko\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my<\/strong> \u2013 paradoxne z nadmernej hygieny: \u010dast\u00e9 dezinfikovanie r\u00fak vedie k vysu\u0161eniu ko\u017ee a ekz\u00e9mom. \u010eal\u0161ou kapitolou s\u00fa bolesti chrbta a po\u0161kodenia chrbtice<\/strong> \u2013 sanit\u00e1ri a sestry pri manipul\u00e1cii s pacientmi pre\u0165a\u017euj\u00fa chrb\u00e1t, \u010do vedie k chronick\u00fdm bolestiam (naj\u010dastej\u0161ie priznan\u00e9 choroby z povolania s\u00fa po\u0161kodenia kon\u010dat\u00edn a chrbtice z dv\u00edhania bremien). V\u00a0neposlednom rade, psychick\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e a syndr\u00f3m vyhorenia<\/strong> s\u00fa u zdravotn\u00edkov \u010dast\u00e9, preto\u017ee pracuj\u00fa v strese a \u010dasto v prostred\u00ed, kde hroz\u00ed nakazenie \u010di in\u00e9 ohrozenie \u2013 \u010do je tie\u017e ur\u010dit\u00fd aspekt \u201ezdravotn\u00e9ho rizika\u201c spojen\u00e9ho s hygienick\u00fdmi n\u00e1rokmi (ustavi\u010dne myslie\u0165 na sterilitu je psychicky vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00face). Bez pr\u00edsnych hygienick\u00fdch protokolov by v\u0161ak boli ohrozen\u00ed e\u0161te viac: sta\u010d\u00ed si spomen\u00fa\u0165 na prv\u00fa l\u00edniu pand\u00e9mie COVID-19, kde sa mnoh\u00ed zdravotn\u00edci nakazili pri v\u00fdkone povolania a niektor\u00ed, \u017eia\u013e, aj zomreli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1roky na \u010distenie a hygienu:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri a pracovn\u00edci v \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nej v\u00fdrobe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vystavenie patog\u00e9nom a chemik\u00e1li\u00e1m: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Po\u013enohospod\u00e1rske profesie \u2013 \u010di u\u017e ide o rastlinn\u00fa v\u00fdrobu alebo \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nu \u2013 prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa kontakt s mnoh\u00fdmi pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi aj umel\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. Farm\u00e1ri<\/a> a o\u0161etrovatelia zvierat<\/strong> s\u00fa vystaven\u00ed patog\u00e9nom, ktor\u00e9 sa vyskytuj\u00fa u zvierat: bakt\u00e9rie (napr. salmonely<\/em>), v\u00edrusy (vt\u00e1\u010dia chr\u00edpka, besnota u\u00a0l\u00ed\u0161ok), parazity. Niektor\u00e9 z t\u00fdchto chor\u00f4b s\u00fa zoon\u00f3zy<\/em> \u2013 pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa sa zo zvierat na \u010dloveka. Hoci v SR je v\u00fdskyt v\u00e1\u017enych zoon\u00f3z n\u00edzky, ob\u010das sa objav\u00ed napr\u00edklad brucel\u00f3za \u010di besnota<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu ohrozi\u0165 veterin\u00e1rov a farm\u00e1rov. V chlievoch a ma\u0161taliach sa vyskytuje mno\u017estvo mikroorganizmov v\u00a0truse a mo\u010di zvierat; amoniak<\/em> z\u00a0rozkladania hnoja dr\u00e1\u017edi d\u00fdchacie cesty. Rastlinn\u00e1 v\u00fdroba<\/strong> prin\u00e1\u0161a kontakt s p\u00f4dnymi mikroorganizmami (sp\u00f3ry tetanu v\u00a0p\u00f4de s\u00fa st\u00e1le hrozbou pri poranen\u00ed na farme). Najv\u00fdraznej\u0161\u00edm rizikom v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve s\u00fa v\u0161ak chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky \u2013 pestic\u00eddy a hnojiv\u00e1<\/strong>. Postreky proti \u0161kodcom obsahuj\u00fa insektic\u00eddy, herbic\u00eddy at\u010f., ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pre \u010dloveka jedovat\u00e9; farm\u00e1ri ich aplikuj\u00fa vo forme postreku (aeros\u00f3lu), ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017eu inhalova\u0165 alebo ktor\u00fd sa im m\u00f4\u017ee vstreb\u00e1va\u0165 cez ko\u017eu. V \u0161tatistik\u00e1ch chor\u00f4b z povolania patria otravy pestic\u00eddmi<\/em> medzi naj\u010dastej\u0161ie hl\u00e1sen\u00e9 pr\u00edpady u farm\u00e1rov. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm rizikom je prach<\/strong> \u2013 najm\u00e4 prach zo sena, slamy, obilia a krm\u00edv. Tento organick\u00fd prach obsahuje pele, plesne a fragmenty hmyzu, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 alergie a tzv. farm\u00e1rske p\u013e\u00faca<\/em> (alergick\u00fa alveolit\u00eddu z plesniv\u00e9ho sena). Po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri s\u00fa tak v permanentnom styku s biologick\u00fdmi faktormi (mikr\u00f3by, alerg\u00e9ny) aj chemick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami (postreky, hnojiv\u00e1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cistota pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na farme \u010di poli je udr\u017eiavanie \u010distoty n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. V\u00a0stajni pre dobytok alebo o\u0161\u00edpan\u00e9 je neust\u00e1le pr\u00edtomn\u00fd hnoj, mo\u010d a zvy\u0161ky krmiva \u2013 aj pri pravidelnom \u010disten\u00ed nastie\u013e a odstra\u0148ovan\u00ed hnoja zost\u00e1va prostredie pln\u00e9 ne\u010dist\u00f4t. Zvierat\u00e1 samy o sebe vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa neporiadok (rozn\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa krmivo, vylieva sa voda, v\u00fdkaly padaj\u00fa na podlahu). Zvierac\u00ed srs\u0165 a perie<\/strong> sa v\u00edria vo vzduchu a pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa prach a alerg\u00e9ny. Na druhej strane, farm\u00e1rske prostredie je \u201epr\u00edrodn\u00e1 \u0161pina\u201c \u2013 hnoj a slama \u2013 ktor\u00e1 je odli\u0161n\u00e1 od chemickej \u0161piny fabriky, ale st\u00e1le m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zdrojom infekcie. Na poliach zas maj\u00fa pracovn\u00edci do \u010dinenia s blatom, prachom a zvy\u0161kami rastl\u00edn<\/strong>. Po\u010das sucha sa z pol\u00ed dv\u00edha prach (najm\u00e4 pri \u017eatve alebo pri orbe), ktor\u00fd pokr\u00fdva traktoristov aj polnohospod\u00e1rske stroje. V da\u017edi zas vznik\u00e1 blato, ktor\u00e9 zalep\u00ed obuv i stroje. V\u00a0skladisk\u00e1ch obilia je jemn\u00fd prach z\u00a0obilia a plesne, v sadoch zas lepkav\u00fd pe\u013e a zbytky postrekov na listoch. Po\u013enohospod\u00e1rske prostredie je teda pln\u00e9 organickej hmoty<\/em> \u2013 p\u00f4dy, rastl\u00edn, zvierac\u00edch exkrementov \u2013 a dosiahnu\u0165 tam sterilitu nie je mo\u017en\u00e9. Farm\u00e1ri \u010dasto prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z vonkaj\u0161ieho (pole) do vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho (staj\u0148a) prostredia, \u010d\u00edm si ne\u010distoty pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa. A ke\u010f\u017ee mnoh\u00e9 farmy s\u00fa pod hol\u00fdm nebom, pracovn\u00edci \u010delia aj poveternostn\u00fdm vplyvom, ktor\u00e9 zne\u010distenie zn\u00e1sobuj\u00fa (vietor rozn\u00e1\u0161a prach, d\u00e1\u017e\u010f rob\u00ed blato). \u010cistotu z\u00e1zemia (napr. kuchynka na farme) treba d\u00f4sledne chr\u00e1ni\u0165 \u2013 napr\u00edklad prez\u00favan\u00edm sa a prezliekan\u00edm \u2013 inak sa \u0161pina z chlieva donesie a\u017e na jed\u00e1lensk\u00fd st\u00f4l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdravotn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 v d\u00f4sledku n\u00edzkej hygieny:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri patria medzi profesie s r\u00f4znorod\u00fdmi chorobami z povolania. Alergick\u00e9 ochorenia d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest<\/strong> (astma, alergick\u00e1 n\u00e1dcha) s\u00fa \u010dast\u00e9 v d\u00f4sledku prachu z\u00a0obilia a sena. Spom\u00ednan\u00e9 farm\u00e1rske p\u013e\u00faca<\/em> s\u00fa z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 ochorenie \u2013 imunitn\u00e1 reakcia na vdychovan\u00e9 plesne zo sena vedie k trval\u00e9mu po\u0161kodeniu p\u013e\u00fac. \u010ealej s\u00fa tu infek\u010dn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1: z\u00a0kontaktov so zvieratami m\u00f4\u017eu vznikn\u00fa\u0165 choroby prenosn\u00e9 zo zvierat na \u013eud\u00ed<\/em>, ktor\u00e9 tvoria s\u00edce men\u0161\u00ed podiel, ale vyskytuj\u00fa sa. Napr\u00edklad brucel\u00f3za od dobytka sp\u00f4sobuje dlhotrvaj\u00face hor\u00fa\u010dky a m\u00f4\u017ee zanecha\u0165 n\u00e1sledky, leptospir\u00f3zu mo\u017eno chyti\u0165 z mo\u010du hlodavcov na farme a t\u00e1 po\u0161kodzuje obli\u010dky. Nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd je aj anthrax<\/strong> \u2013 sp\u00f3ry tejto bakt\u00e9rie m\u00f4\u017eu pre\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v p\u00f4de a infikova\u0165 zvierat\u00e1; farm\u00e1r sa m\u00f4\u017ee nakazi\u0165 napr\u00edklad pri manipul\u00e1cii s uhynut\u00fdm infikovan\u00fdm zviera\u0165om (hoci v SR je to dnes u\u017e ve\u013emi zriedkav\u00e9). \u010castej\u0161ie s\u00fa r\u00f4zne ko\u017en\u00e9 infekcie<\/strong> \u2013 napr\u00edklad \u201edoji\u010dsk\u00fd syndr\u00f3m\u201c \u2013 drobn\u00e9 ranky na ruk\u00e1ch od manu\u00e1lnej pr\u00e1ce v kombin\u00e1cii s bakt\u00e9riami z prostredia ved\u00fa k hnisav\u00fdm z\u00e1palom ko\u017ee na ruk\u00e1ch. Otravy pestic\u00eddmi<\/strong> sa prejavuj\u00fa boles\u0165ami hlavy, nevo\u013enos\u0165ou, podr\u00e1\u017eden\u00edm o\u010d\u00ed, v \u0165a\u017e\u0161\u00edch pr\u00edpadoch neurologick\u00fdmi \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165ami; opakovan\u00e9 men\u0161ie expoz\u00edcie m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k chronick\u00fdm zdravotn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom (po\u0161kodenie nervov, pe\u010dene). Po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri takisto \u010dasto trpia poruchami pohybov\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu<\/strong> \u2013 pr\u00e1ca na poli a so zvieratami je fyzicky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1, \u010do vedie k opotrebovaniu k\u013abov, chrbtice a svalov. Zanedban\u00e1 hygiena (napr. neprezut\u00e9 gum\u00e1ky z ma\u0161tale do obytnej \u010dasti domu) m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165, \u017ee farm\u00e1r zanesie patog\u00e9ny aj svojej rodine \u2013 deti farm\u00e1rov m\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u010dastej\u0161ie kampylobakterov\u00e9 a in\u00e9 hna\u010dkov\u00e9 ochorenia, ak sa nedb\u00e1 na hygienu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1roky na \u010distenie a hygienu: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na farme je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 oddeli\u0165 pracovn\u00e9 a obytn\u00e9 z\u00f3ny<\/strong>. Mali by existova\u0165 \u0161atne alebo aspo\u0148 vyhraden\u00e9 miesto, kde si farm\u00e1r prezlieka \u0161pinav\u00fd odev a obuv a nevod\u00ed ich domov. Pracovn\u00fd odev (mont\u00e9rky, \u010di\u017emy) b\u00fdva toti\u017e \u010dasto zne\u010disten\u00fd hnojom \u010di p\u00f4dou, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu obsahova\u0165 patog\u00e9ny. Pravideln\u00e9 pranie pracovn\u00e9ho odevu<\/strong> je nevyhnutn\u00e9 \u2013 ide\u00e1lne na vysokej teplote (minim\u00e1lne 60 \u00b0C), aby sa zne\u0161kodnili sp\u00f3ry plesn\u00ed a bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed z hospod\u00e1rskeho prostredia. Farm\u00e1r by mal ma\u0165 po ruke \u010dist\u00fa vodu a mydlo<\/strong> aj vonku \u2013 napr\u00edklad sud s vodou a mydlov\u00fd d\u00e1vkova\u010d pri vchode do stajne \u2013 aby si mohol umy\u0165 ruky po pr\u00e1ci so zvieratami e\u0161te predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e p\u00f4jde napr\u00edklad jes\u0165. Pri pr\u00e1ci s pestic\u00eddmi je nutn\u00e9 nosi\u0165 ochrann\u00fd odev, rukavice, masku a okuliare<\/strong> \u2013 v\u00fdrobca postreku v\u017edy uv\u00e1dza, ak\u00e9 OOP s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9; toto by sa nemalo podce\u0148ova\u0165. Po skon\u010den\u00ed postreku si mus\u00ed pracovn\u00edk okam\u017eite vyzliec\u0165 kontaminovan\u00fd odev a osprchova\u0165 sa<\/em>. Otravy \u010dasto vznikaj\u00fa, ke\u010f si \u013eudia nechaj\u00fa postrekov\u00fd odev na sebe pridlho alebo ho dokonca opakovane pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa bez vypratia. V pr\u00edtomnosti prachu zo sena \u010di obilia by mali farm\u00e1ri pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 respir\u00e1tor<\/strong> (aspo\u0148 jednoduch\u00fd s filtrom proti prachu) a \u010dasto vetra\u0165 sklady. Proti zoon\u00f3zam pom\u00e1ha o\u010dkovanie zvierat aj \u013eud\u00ed<\/strong> \u2013 veterin\u00e1ri a niektor\u00ed farm\u00e1ri sa o\u010dkuj\u00fa napr\u00edklad proti brucel\u00f3ze alebo tetanu. V r\u00e1mci hygieny je tie\u017e d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 rie\u0161i\u0165 deratiz\u00e1ciu a dezinfekciu<\/strong> \u2013 pravidelne vykon\u00e1va\u0165 opatrenia proti hlodavcom a dezinfikova\u0165 stajne, aby sa zn\u00ed\u017eila mikrobi\u00e1lna z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e. Samotn\u00fd farm\u00e1r by nemal zab\u00fada\u0165 na z\u00e1kladn\u00fa hygienu<\/em>: umy\u0165 sa po pr\u00e1ci, prezu\u0165 gumen\u00e9 \u010di\u017emy za \u010dist\u00fa obuv, udr\u017eiava\u0165 si drobn\u00e9 poranenia \u010dist\u00e9 a kryt\u00e9 (aby sa do nich nedostala \u0161pina).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1ver:<\/strong> Hoci uveden\u00e9 povolania \u2013 smetiari, kanaliz\u00e9ri, ban\u00edci, stavebn\u00edci, hutn\u00edci, zdravotn\u00edci \u010di farm\u00e1ri \u2013 \u010delia ve\u013emi odli\u0161n\u00fdm pracovn\u00fdm podmienkam, spolo\u010dn\u00fdm menovate\u013eom je vysok\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e na hygienu a zdravie<\/em>. \u0160pina, prach, patog\u00e9ny a \u0161kodliv\u00e9 l\u00e1tky s\u00fa v t\u00fdchto profesi\u00e1ch ka\u017edodennou realitou. D\u00f4sledn\u00e1 hygiena na pracovisku a kvalitn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 vybavenie v\u00fdrazne zni\u017euj\u00fa riziko chor\u00f4b z povolania<\/strong> a \u00farazov. Modern\u00e9 slu\u017eby, ako pon\u00faka Lindstr\u00f6m, dok\u00e1\u017eu zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eom pom\u00f4c\u0165 udr\u017ea\u0165 vysok\u00fd hygienick\u00fd \u0161tandard \u2013 od pravideln\u00e9ho prania kontaminovan\u00fdch pracovn\u00fdch odevov a\u017e po dodanie ochrann\u00fdch text\u00edli\u00ed. V kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku to znamen\u00e1 zdrav\u0161\u00edch a spokojn\u00fdch zamestnancov, ni\u017e\u0161iu chorobnos\u0165 a vy\u0161\u0161iu produktivitu pr\u00e1ce. Invest\u00edcia do hygieny a \u010distoty sa v \u201enaj\u0161pinav\u0161\u00edch\u201c<\/em> povolaniach mnohon\u00e1sobne vr\u00e1ti \u2013 v podobe lep\u0161ieho zdravia na\u0161ich zamestnancov aj kvality nimi poskytovan\u00fdch slu\u017eieb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Ako Lindstr\u00f6m pom\u00e1ha naprie\u010d v\u0161etk\u00fdmi odvetviami<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Lindstr\u00f6m poskytuje profesion\u00e1lne slu\u017eby pren\u00e1jmu a \u00fadr\u017eby pracovn\u00fdch odevov<\/a>, \u010d\u00edm z\u00e1sadne prispieva k zv\u00fd\u0161eniu hygienick\u00fdch \u0161tandardov a bezpe\u010dnosti pracovn\u00edkov v t\u00fdch najn\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161\u00edch odvetviach na Slovensku. Pre zamestnancov v odpadovom hospod\u00e1rstve, kanaliz\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ban\u00edctve, stavebn\u00edctve, \u0165a\u017ekom priemysle, zdravotn\u00edctve \u010di po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstve zabezpe\u010duje pracovn\u00e9 oble\u010denie navrhnut\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lne pod\u013ea potrieb konkr\u00e9tnej profesie, ktor\u00e9 pravidelne zbiera, odborne perie, dezinfikuje a opravuje. Lindstr\u00f6m pou\u017e\u00edva technologicky pokro\u010dil\u00e9 postupy, v\u010faka ktor\u00fdm s\u00fa odevy zbaven\u00e9 patog\u00e9nov, chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok aj n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch ne\u010dist\u00f4t ako oleje, cementov\u00fd prach \u010di pestic\u00eddy. Okrem pracovn\u00fdch odevov poskytuje aj doplnkov\u00e9 produkty ako dezinfek\u010dn\u00e9 roho\u017ee <\/a>\u010di priemyseln\u00e9 utierky<\/a>, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00fa udr\u017eiava\u0165 \u010distotu priamo na pracovisku. V\u010faka tomu m\u00f4\u017eu zamestnanci pracova\u0165 v bezpe\u010dnej\u0161\u00edch a hygienickej\u0161\u00edch podmienkach, zni\u017euje sa riziko zdravotn\u00fdch komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed a \u00farazov, \u010do z\u00e1rove\u0148 prispieva k vy\u0161\u0161iemu komfortu pr\u00e1ce, lep\u0161ej ochrane zdravia a vy\u0161\u0161ej celkovej efektivite pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • \u00darad verejn\u00e9ho zdravotn\u00edctva SR \u2013 \u0161tatistiky chor\u00f4b z povolania a rizikov\u00fdch faktorov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • N\u00e1rodn\u00e9 centrum zdravotn\u00edckych inform\u00e1ci\u00ed \u2013 anal\u00fdzy chor\u00f4b z povolania na Slovensku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Liga proti bezpr\u00e1viu: \u0161kodliv\u00e9 faktory v pracovnom prostred\u00ed (prach, chemik\u00e1lie).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Kari\u00e9rainfo \u2013 rebr\u00ed\u010dek najzdravotne rizikovej\u0161\u00edch povolan\u00ed (anal\u00fdza riz\u00edk).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Odpady-portal.sk \u2013 hygienick\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 odpadu a zdravotn\u00edckych odpadov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Priemyseln\u00e9 blogy (Krtkovanie a \u010distenie kanaliz\u00e1cie) \u2013 rizik\u00e1 v kanaliz\u00e1ci\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Dnes24.sk (TASR) \u2013 spr\u00e1vy o pracovn\u00fdch \u00farazoch a chorob\u00e1ch z povolania.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Pribli\u017ene 116-tis\u00edc Slov\u00e1kov pracuje v rizikov\u00fdch podmienkach, kde im hrozia choroby z povolania, otravy \u010di \u00farazy. 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Zdravotn\u00edcke povolania maj\u00fa zrejme najpr\u00edsnej\u0161ie hygienick\u00e9 protokoly<\/strong> zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch. Patr\u00ed sem spr\u00e1vna hygiena r\u00fak<\/strong> \u2013 dezinfekcia pred a po ka\u017edom kontakte s pacientom, po vyzle\u010den\u00ed rukav\u00edc, po kontakte s telesn\u00fdmi tekutinami at\u010f. \u010ealej nosenie osobn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch pom\u00f4cok<\/strong>: rukavice (jednorazov\u00e9) pri ka\u017edom potenci\u00e1lne rizikovom \u00fakone, masky alebo respir\u00e1tory pri kvap\u00f4\u010dkov\u00fdch infekci\u00e1ch, ochrann\u00e9 okuliare\/\u0161t\u00edty pri riziku odstrekovania krvi \u010di sekr\u00e9tov, jednorazov\u00e9 obleky \u010di z\u00e1stery na izolovan\u00fdch oddeleniach. Ve\u013ek\u00fd d\u00f4raz sa kladie na steriliz\u00e1ciu n\u00e1strojov<\/em> a pravideln\u00e9 upratovanie prostredia dezinfek\u010dn\u00fdmi roztokmi. Pracovn\u00e9 oble\u010denie zdravotn\u00edkov<\/a> (napr. lek\u00e1rske pl\u00e1\u0161te, zdravotn\u00edcke uniformy) by malo by\u0165 denne menen\u00e9 a <\/strong>pran\u00e9<\/strong> <\/a>na vysok\u00fa teplotu \u2013 ide\u00e1lne priamo v nemocnici v centr\u00e1lnych pr\u00e1\u010dovniach, aby sa zamedzilo prenosu infekcie mimo nemocnicu. Samotn\u00ed pracovn\u00edci by si nemali nosi\u0165 kontaminovan\u00fd odev domov. Samozrejmos\u0165ou je o\u010dkovanie zdravotn\u00edckeho person\u00e1lu<\/strong> \u2013 povinn\u00e9 je o\u010dkovanie proti \u017elta\u010dke B, odpor\u00fa\u010da sa chr\u00edpka, tetanus a \u010fal\u0161ie pod\u013ea oddelenia. Taktie\u017e sa vy\u017eaduje testovanie na TBC<\/strong> a in\u00e9 choroby u person\u00e1lu v pravideln\u00fdch intervaloch. Zdravotn\u00edk mus\u00ed dba\u0165 aj na svoj zdravotn\u00fd stav \u2013 ak ochorie (napr. m\u00e1 hnisav\u00fa ranu alebo infekciu), nemal by pr\u00eds\u0165 do pr\u00e1ce, aby neohrozil pacientov. \u010co sa t\u00fdka psychosoci\u00e1lnej hygieny, d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd je syst\u00e9m striedania zmien, oddychu a psychologickej podpory, aby sa predi\u0161lo vyhoreniu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n